Spirituality

Question: Portray about the term of Spirituality of Spiritual and Emotional Maturity ? Answer: The perception has been produced using the investigation of the Chapter 4: Inventory of Spiritual/Emotional Maturity from The Emotionally Healthy Church, that individuals are dependent upon different periods of feelings in their whole lives. A portion of these feelings have been referenced underneath. The Emotional newborn child: this specific stage creates during the earliest stages of any person. This inclination is subject to the individuals who are dealing with the newborn child. In this stage commonly the individuals are not in the situation to depict them in the best possible way. The Emotional Child: In this stage it has been seen that the person is increasingly like a physical kid. During this period the individual is happy with the things that are gotten. Notwithstanding, with the approach of strain, nerves passionate fits increment. The Emotional Adolescent: During this period of an individual the individual is a physical teenager grown-up. He stays confounded on his conduct ways and furthermore here and there is compromised of those practices (Scazzero, 2015). The Emotional Adult: This is the period of individuals when they can love and regard individual people. Neither do they attempt to adjust others and nor do they judge others. Empathy exhaustion can be depicted as a condition where burnouts occur after extensive timeframe. It anyway can be recouped from effectively and immediately when it is recognized quick and overseen early (Stress.org, 2015). Burnouts brings about depletion that can be either enthusiastic or physical. It will in general reduce the capacity to achieve assignments and furthermore diminishes the interchanges with others. For battling burnouts reflection might be turned to which would assist them with keeping a command over their feelings and furthermore invigorate battle pressure. References Scazzero, P. (2015).The Emotionally Healthy Church Workbook.Google Books. Recovered 11 March 2015, from https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UAngTjinyvUCpg=PA33dq=Chapter+4:+Inventory+of+Spiritual/Emotional+Maturityhl=ensa=Xei=8hsAVavYC8nm8AXg74DQCwved=0CCAQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=Chapter%204%3A%20Inventory%20of%20Spiritual%2FEmotional%20Maturityf=false Stress.org,. (2015).Compassion Fatigue The American Institute of Stress. Recovered 11 March 2015, from https://www.stress.org/military/for-practitionersleaders/sympathy weariness/

Animal Farm Essays - British Films, Cold War Films, Animal Farm

Animal Farm Essays - British Films, Cold War Films, Animal Farm Animal Farm The fundamental motivation behind parody is to assault, and seriously reprimand the objective subject. This is magnificently completed in the exemplary bit of parody, Animal Farm. The primary focuses at the brunt of this political parody are the general public that was made in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, and the pioneers engaged with it. George Orwell effectively censures these objectives through sarcastic procedures, for example, incongruity, tale, and purposeful anecdote. The prompt object of assault in Orwell's political parody is the general public that was made in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. The occasions described in Animal Farm clearly and ceaselessly allude to occasions in another story, the historical backdrop of the Russian Revolution. As such, Animal Farm isn't just a beguiling tale (A Fairy Story, as Orwell energetically captions it) and an unpleasant political parody; it is likewise a purposeful anecdote. The fundamental objective of this moral story is Stalin, spoken to by Napoleon the pig. He speaks to the human frailties of any upheaval. Orwell accepted that in spite of the fact that communism is a decent perfect, it would never be effectively received because of wild sins of human instinct. For instance, in spite of the fact that Napoleon appears from the start to be a decent pioneer, he is inevitably overwhelmed by ravenousness and before long becomes eager for power. Obviously Stalin did too in Russia, leaving the first equity of communism behind, giving him all the force and living in extravagance while the normal bird endured. Orwell clarifies: By one way or another it appeared as if the homestead had become more extravagant without making the creatures themselves any more extravagant - aside from obviously for the pigs and the mutts. The enduring subject of parody is to call attention to the frailties of the human condition, and this is one of Orwells focal topics in Animal Farm . That its not really the framework that is degenerate or flawed, yet the people in power. Old Major, with all his well meaning goals, took no note of the vital certainty: while his beliefs were sound and good, degenerate people discovered ways and chances to abuse those standards to suit their own motivations. So Orwell effectively calls attention to the frailties of his ironical focuses by utilizing the mocking method of the purposeful anecdote. Another principle humorous procedure used to censure these objectives is the utilization of tale, or narrating. A tale is a story, for the most part having a good where brutes talk and act like people. Orwells characters are both creature and human. The pigs, for instance eat crush genuine pig food however with milk in it that they have gotten and convinced different creatures to allow them to keep (a human activity). The mutts snarl and chomp the way genuine pooches dobut to help Napoleon's drive for political force. Orwell always remembers this sensitive harmony between how genuine creatures really carry on and what human characteristics his creatures should speak to. Lets simply state Orwell hadnt utilized the procedure of narrating, and had painted a target image of the indecencies he depicts. The genuine picture would presumably be discouraging and amazingly exhausting. So all things being equal, he offers us a tragedy of the circumstance. The essential purpose behind this reflection was to move perusers from the solid reality. So while engaging us through an awesome setting, he furnishes us peruser with a basic vision towards his objectives. It is composed for amusement, yet contains sharp and telling remarks on the Russian upheaval and its pioneers, offering 'nonexistent nurseries with genuine frogs in them'. Some portion of the tale's diverting appeal lies in the straightforwardness with which the characters are drawn. Every creature character is a sort, with one human characteristic, or two at mosttraits as a rule related with that specific sort of creature. Utilizing creatures as types is likewise Orwell's method of keeping his scorn and outrage against exploiters leveled out. Rather than crying, All political supervisors are awful pigs! he keeps his comical inclination by detailing serenely: In future, all inquiries identifying with the working of the ranch would be settled by an uncommon board of trustees of pigs. The tale of Animal Farm is told in a basic, direct style. The sentences are regularly short and extra: Old Major made a sound as if to speak and started to sing. It was an unpleasant winter. The story follows

Harvard University Supplemental Essay Topics

Harvard University Supplemental Essay TopicsThere are several different Harvard University Supplemental Essay Topics that they suggest for students, which in turn makes this course so very popular. These topics range from Literature and Creative Writing to Creative Writing and even English, depending on the student.It's great that the university wants to continue to make it easier for students to continue their education, but the cost of this has now gotten out of control. I mean the list goes on, with so many different courses on so many different subjects. I believe that if someone was so inclined they could take all of these courses in just one semester, but what if you had to do this two semesters in a row?Well, there are programs out there that offer to teach you what you need to know in just one or two multiple semesters, or even one year, and it costs just pennies to attend one of these programs. However, the major drawback is that the people who conduct these programs are not usually on a college campus, they are usually in hotels or living away from their families, and sometimes they don't even live in the state that they are trying to teach in.That is why it is so important that you look for the right program to teach you these supplemental essay topics. If you can find a good one like this you won't have to pay anywhere near as much money to get into school. Plus you will have the peace of mind knowing that you are getting quality education for the price of the program.The first thing you should do is decide which supplemental essay topics you want to take. For example, if you want to take Creative Writing, then look for the program that has it as a listed topic.You also need to choose a class or program that has a great instructor to help you with your supplemental essay topics. That way you know that you are getting your money's worth. Of course there is also a chance that the instructor is working on supplemental essay topics with the professor th at teaches the class you are taking to learn the topic.Most programs offer all these and some more, so it really depends on what kind of program you choose. If you are taking English as a Second Language as a supplemental essay topic, there are more than enough programs that offer this topic. For example, there is one specific course at the university for ESL students, and you can take that in just one day.Another way to save money is to look for a program that offers it as a free class. Some of these programs offer this, and you can spend one day going over these essays, or you can take an entire semester to learn them.

Problems Associated With The Financial Crisis - 1165 Words

Credit Bubble The end of 2007 confirmed the conventional view that the initial financial problems were concentrated in institutions exposed to mortgage securitization. But how it is that financial imbalances were transmitted into macroeconomic disruptions? What mainly channeled the crisis to other sectors was the resulting contraction in credit, of banks and other financial intermediaries. It is important to differentiate between the loss of financial actors associated with mortgages, which was the initially crisis, and the losses caused by the after effects, also called second-round effects, which had significant consequences on the supply of credit. It will be analyzed in detailed above, how the problems associated with the housing bubble resulted in the contraction of credit supply by financial institutions. Modern financial intermediaries assess risk through certain practices. They manage their balance sheets (assets and liabilities position) steadily in response to changes in the anticipated risk and asset prices. Fluctuations in asset prices are variations in net worth that cause reactions of intermediaries. Furthermore, fluctuations in the valuation of risk assets translate into reactions from leveraged institutions. Financial intermediaries react very differently to fluctuations in wealth compared with the reaction of individuals, families or non-financial institutions. Families tend to not change much their balances even when they experience changes in asset prices.Show MoreRelatedThe Global Financial Crisis And The Crisis Essay1244 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The Global Financial Crisis, also known as The Great Recession, broke out in the United States of America in the middle of 2007 and continued on until 2008. There were many factors that contributed to the cause of The Global Financial Crisis and many effects that emerged, because the impact it had on the financial system. The Global Financial Crisis started because of house market crash in 2007. There were many factors that contributed to the housing market crash in 2007. These factorsRead MoreFinancial Innovation And Its Effect On The Financial Crisis1246 Words   |  5 PagesAnother problem connected to the securitization of loans is the fact that the required off-balance sheet transactions increase the difficulty of determining a company’s true leverage. While off-balance sheet transactions are not necessarily a bad thing, they do disguise the true debt of a company in that they make it appear as if the obligation to repay the security investors falls on the SPV rather tha n the originator (Pala). Furthermore, a movement of assets to an SPV can result in the appearanceRead MoreThe Impact Of Global Financial Crisis On The United States Essay1028 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The Global Financial Crisis, also known as The Great Recession, broke out in the United States of America in the middle of 2007 and continued on until 2008. There were many factors that contributed to the cause of The Global Financial Crisis and many effects that emerged, because the impact it had on the financial system. The Global Financial Crisis started because of house market crash in 2007. There were many factors that contributed to the housing market crash in 2007. These factorsRead MoreQuestions On Non Financial Firms1468 Words   |  6 Pages2007-2008 crisis started off in August 2007 as a subprime mortgage crisis primarily concentrated in the United States but quickly metamorphosized into a global financial crisis where financial institutions teeter on the edge of bankruptcy in many countries in addition to the United States. A global economic crisis ensues in which nonfinancial firms around the world appear to spiral downward as well. A key potential contributor to the plight of the non-financial firms is the financial crisis itself,Read MoreThe Financial And Political Systems Have Always Played1226 Words   |  5 PagesThe financial and political systems have always played a major role in stabilizing the society and ensuring a smooth transition between public policies and economic activities. Over the past decades, we’ve witnessed the global crisis of 2008, which costs â€Å"tens of millions of people their savings, their jobs, and their homes†. Interestingly, the root of the problem comes from the corruption of the financial industry and how the political figures respond to the crisis. This response paper correspondsRead MoreToyota Crisis952 Words   |  4 PagesTOYOTA RECALLS AND PROBLEMS Toyota and the Economic Crisis in 2008 2010 Camry RECALLED  Toyota had aimed to sell 10 million vehicles a year by 2010 but suffered a severe set back when it t was stung hard by the global financial crisis in 2008 and 2009. Toyota sold 7.56 million units in fiscal 2008-2009—enough to outperform GM and make Toyota world’s largest automaker but 1.34 million less than the previous year. Toyota had originally forecast sales of 9.85 million in 2008 and 10.4 million in 2009Read MoreToyota Motor Corporation Ineffective Managed Its Crisis921 Words   |  4 PagesToyota Motor Corporation ineffective managed its crisis in the following ways: †¢ Toyota crisis responded passive, two months after the fatal crash that happened in California, Toyota forced to recall products. †¢ Toyota UK s managing director, Miguel Fonseca, as the spokesperson, miscommunicated with media, created confusion and concern. †¢ The company â€Å"magnified† its legal liabilities by denying on responsibilities with media, government enforce Toyota and held a congressional hearing, resultRead MoreThe American Dream And The Mortgage Crisis Essay1743 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluence on the mortgage crisis in 2008. However, the economy at that time period had been inducing people to buy new home. Likewise, in Greece, the growing trend of corruption and bribery among the people played a major role in shattering its economy. As a consequence of the dreadful economy, Greek people are revolting against their government. While Greece is trying to recover from its devastated state, the overrated American Dream is still a cause of multiple problems in the US. The tendency toRead MoreFinancial Crisis During The Great Depression1203 Words   |  5 PagesNow these financial markets have allowed many to become successful and live the â€Å"American Dream,† but have also caused many to suffer and los e everything. Back in 2007, the United States’ economy experienced a large financial crisis that almost paralleled the financial crisis during the Great Depression. Large financial institutions suffered a great deal and the stock market plummeted worldwide. The housing market took a huge hit as well, causing many foreclosures and evictions. This crisis stemmedRead MoreBanking On Legitimacy : Ecb And The Eurozone Crisis Essay913 Words   |  4 Pagesb. Banking on Legitimacy: The ECB and the Eurozone Crisis This section contains a summary of the article, Banking on Legitimacy: The ECB and the Eurozone Crisis by Kathleen McNamara, in the Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, published in Summer/Fall 2012, Volume 13, No. 2, pages 143 – 150. The main thesis, methodology of the report, results/findings and the final conclusion and recommendations of the articles will be addressed below. 1. Thesis Over the last few years, the EU has been

The Power of Storytelling in the Media Essay - 686 Words

Human society and culture – even their perception of reality - is shaped by the information and images humans receive via the media. A few generations ago, culture’s storytellers were people – family, friends, and others in communities. For many people today, the most powerful storytellers are television, movies, music, video games, and the internet. While some people do not like to admit it, everyone is affected by advertising, news, movies, music, video games, and other forms of media. That’s why media is such a powerful cultural force, and why the media industry is such big business. All media messages try to persuade people to believe or do something, for example; advertising tries to get people to buy products while novels and TV†¦show more content†¦The woman seems so tiny in comparison to the Earth, but she seems normal sized when under the sky and next to the forest. There is not any text in the painting or around it, but that does not mean that it cannot send an important message. Everyone knows how the Earth looks like from space and how the continents appear, and how the moon revolves around the Earth, but this image shows a forest becoming space and the stars. Perhaps this means that one day humans will go beyond the stars in search of life on other planets, wondering if they will make contact with such life. The meaning could be deeper and more specific, perhaps the forest and lake are in Alaska, which used to be a final frontier until space exploration was discovered. The painting could suggest that space is truly the final frontier, which mea ns humans will eventually colonize other planets and spread their essence all other the galaxy. The painting shows the Mediterranean Sea, mainly Europe, which started western civilization, suggesting that westerners will be the first to leave Earth and spread their culture elsewhere in the universe. The woman lying on the forest floor could suggest that maybe there is life on other planets wondering if there is life elsewhere in the cosmos, or perhaps humans will look back at Earth and wondering how human life was before human began colonizing other star systems. If so, then the target audience for thisShow MoreRelatedThe Evolution Of Storytelling And How It Has Changed Throughout Time Essay1312 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Storytelling occurs in many situations, from kitchen-table conversation to corporate situations. Some storytelling situations demand informality; others are highly formal (National Storytelling Network). However, some stories demand certain themes, attitudes, and artistic approaches (National Storytelling Network). The purpose of this paper is to show the evolution of storytelling and how it has changed throughout time. First, I will set up the background for storytelling, including itsRead MoreThe Evolution Of Storytelling And How It Has Changed Throughout Time Essay751 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Storytelling occurs in many situations, from kitchen-table conversation to corporate situations. Some storytelling situations demand informality; others are highly formal (National Storytelling Network). Some demand certain themes, attitudes, and artistic approaches (National Storytelling Network). The purpose of this paper is to show the evolution of storytelling and how it has changed throughout time. First, I will set up the background for storytelling including its historyRead MoreMedia And Society : Technology, Democracy And Capitalism1747 Words   |  7 PagesMedia in Society (2013) is a cutting-edge media studies textbook written by a group of media scholars: Richard Campbell, Miami University of Ohio; Joli Jenson, University of Tulsa; Douglass Gomery, University of Maryland; Bettina Fabos, University of Northern Iowa and Julie Frechette, Worcester State University. It serves as an analysis of the perpetual relationship between media and society through three key concepts: technology, democracy and capitalism. These themes are connected throughout theRead MoreCriticism Of The Media In Gone Girl And The Braindead Megaphone1233 Words   |  5 Pagesoff what is presented. Criticism of the media is an important aspect of Gone Girl and â€Å"The Braindead Megaphone.† In both literary works, media is represented or described as subjective and storytelling pursuant which can end up being dangerous in some situations, and is prevalent in the real worlds postmodern broadcasting. Subjectivism seems to be an issue with today’s information that is being presented to the ill-informed population through various media platforms. â€Å"The Braindead Megaphone† introducesRead MoreContagious : Why Things Catch On By Jonah Berger979 Words   |  4 PagesDigital Media classroom curriculum: 1. To demonstrate an informed, critical, and practical understanding of mass media (and other new media communications) and identify potential impacts on self and society. 2. To discover and compare real world examples of how digital media has radically transformed major industries including journalism, advertising marketing, film distribution, as well as overall consumer behavior. 3. To apply digital media strategy in the context of storytelling and contentRead MoreThe Medias Dumber Democracy Essay1557 Words   |  7 PagesFor the average American there is no escape from mass media. It can be found within our news papers, movies, television and internet, which account for most of our news and entertainment source. In Michael Parentis book, Make Believe Media, the Politics of Entertainment, Parenti attests that this mass media clouds our societys perception of reality by propagating prefabricated images that create and validate a superficial ideological world. Unfortunately, people are denied the opportunity toRead MoreDigital Storytelling And Its Effect On Student Learning1737 Words   |  7 Pagesintegrating technology into education has become more widespread in most schools today. Digital storytelling is one of the multimedia tools that can support teaching and learning as well as students’ motivation. This research explores how digital storytel ling can be an effective tool for both teachers and students in order to support learning and skills. Keywords: Multimedia tools, Digital storytelling, Students skills and their motivation. 1. Introduction The numbers of technological devicesRead MoreCoca Cola Branding Strategies1330 Words   |  6 Pagestechnology companies. Coca cola focuses a lot on storytelling with their brand image growth; they focus on the evolution of storytelling by moving from one way storytelling to dynamic storytelling. Dynamic storytelling is the development of incremental elements of a brand idea that get dispersed systematically across multiple channels of conversation for the purposes of creating a unified and coordinated brand experience. This includes serial storytelling where one discovers the taste of coke by justRead MoreMain Storytelling Techniques You Can Apply1511 Words   |  7 PagesMain storytelling techniques you can apply: (Students select 3 from the options and explain in details) Storytelling has long held an important role in history. People have passed down stories from generation to generation. It has served as a way to explain and understand the world. There are many different types of stories, which are told for many different purposes. Stories help explain different phenomena, cultural beliefs, attitudes, traditions, and much more. In this unit, we will be focusingRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography Essay751 Words   |  4 PagesSeptember 16th 2012 Annotated Bibliography In 20th century, every human being on the earth is familiar with television, internet and other form of media. We can see the effect of these forms of the electronic media in our daily life. It is helpful to us in lot of ways. The following bibliography reveals the different aspects of electronic media. Bissel, Tom. â€Å"Extra Lives: Why Video Games Matter† † They Say I Say with Readings. Eds. Cathy Birkenstein, Russel Durst, Gerald Graff. New York:

Love Is Characterized By Oedipus The King And Diotima s...

In Symposium by Plato, a group of men gather around to seek one’s full understanding of the underestimated reasons of Love. Despite having different occupations, they all seem to agree on their views of love except for Socrates. Socrates communicates that Love is a god, and then decides to add that he came to his conclusion with the help of a woman named Diotima. Although their views of love are similar, they are also different and can be seen through another philosopher’s stories; Antigone and Oedipus. Socrates’ definition of love is characterized by Oedipus the King and Diotima’s definition of love is characterized by Antigone. Socrates’ understanding of love is that love is a desire to be conscious of what you need for something you do not have and for what you have because once you have it you will not feel the need to want it anymore; love is also a display of what you already have and are afraid to lose forever. Diotima’s understanding of Love is that Love is not a god, love is a demi-god. Because, he is a demi-god, he is in between wisdom and ignorance. For example, on page/s () of Sophocles’ book Symposium: Socrates’ understanding of love can be seen in Oedipus the King through Oedipus’ wife and mother Jocasta. She desires to not have shame upon her throne. Once she has it, she then realizes that she does not want it anymore and decides to take her own life. --Jocasta had realized that Oedipus was her son, she acted as if it did not matter because no one knew. It

Immunological Tests for Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theImmunological Tests for Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction. Answer: Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction tests: These tests are mainly cell proliferation assays. They may be of two types which are the one way MLR and the two way MLR. There are many other ways by which the scientists or any other organizations can follow their guidelines for performing the test. One way MLR can be described as the cell proliferation assay where a particular population of lymphocytes (called the responder cells) gets stimulated by another population of lymphocytes called the stimulator cell. After incubation period for about five to six days, Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)are mainly mixed and then incorporated into the DNA of the proliferating cells (Brunner Cerottinii, 2014). They are then incubated there for another day or half. Following this, the BrdU is washed out from the mixture. Then Enzyme-linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA) is performed. This helps to quantify the total amount of BrdU which gives a measure of cell proliferation. Actually in the end, the expert is mainly evaluating the proliferation response of the target cells which occur when both the population of lymphocytes are mixed together. In two way MLR tests, there is only one difference. Here, both the populations of the lymphocyte cells are able to proliferate. As a result, the experimental design is set in such a way so that, it can support the proliferation of both lymphocytes. However, the analysis of the amount of the proliferated cells is mainly done by the mixing of two populations of lymphocytes (Hong et al., 2017). The tests are mainly performed so that proper assessment can be made that whether proliferation of T-cell is increased or had undergone inhibition in response to the external or any other cellular stimuli. An inhibited cell proliferation states the decrease of the T-cell response to the test article. An increase in the cell proliferation indicates an increase in T cell response to the test article. They are mainly used by the biotech and pharmaceutical organizations to understand whether their drug or any other implantable material is safe or not (Konina et al., 2013). Pokeweed mitogen test: Pokeweed mitogen test is a type of lymphocyte stimulation test which use a substance called mitogen to non specifically activate the lymphoid cells in the sample. Mitogens are derived from plants and can bind with molecules on the surface of the lymphocytes, thereby triggering their activation called blastogenesis. This is followed by subsequent division or proliferation. Pokeweed mitogen test is mainly considered to be a B cell mitogen. At first the lymphocytes are suspended and maintained in tissue culture medium which is supplemented with serum obtained from normal animals of same species as the lymphocytes are being assayed. The lymphocyte cell suspension is then aliquoted into a number of multi-well plates and culture media followed by the adding of mitogenic substance to relevant culture wells. Cultures without the presence of mitogen should be kept for control purposes. The total volume for each of the well should be kept constant and only the concentration of the lymphocytes and the mitogens should be changed form one well to another (Salak et al., 2016). All well on the plate should be set in triplicate style for analysis. The culture periods should vary between 2 to 5 days in a tissue culture incubator at 37 degree Celsius and 5% CO2. Within the last few hours, a set quantity of radio-labelled thymidine should be added to each of the well in the plate but not in the triplicate of well that act as controls. Radio labeled thymidine is then inserted into newly synthesized DNA as the cellular divisions continue in wells. Culture is then stopped, contents of each well are mechanically aspirated, cells are collected in filter mat and all culture fluid, unincorporated thymidine and others are released. The amount of beta radiation emitted is mainly proportional to the total amount of thymiden which is radio-labelled and incorporated in the lymphocytes. This thereby shows how it is proportional to the rate of division. The result is mainly recorded as the sti mulation index (SI)which takes into account the level of background cell division that occurs in control well not exposed to mitogen. When such result is greater than 3, it is considered as significant result. The measurement of the human lymphocytes proliferative responses to different types of stimuli can be considered as an important technique which is used to assess their biological functions as well as their status. Mitogens are able to nonspecifically stimulate lymphocytes proliferation which in turn helps to evaluate the immune responsiveness of the patient Fluorescence antibody test: This can be defined as the test in which a fluorescent dye is mainly used to stain an antibody so that proper identification of clinical specimens can be conducted. The fluorescent dyes help in conjugation with the immunoglobulin in such a way so that there is no alteration in the antibody-antigen reaction. These make the dyed organism (if present) glow visibly when examined under a fluorescent microscope. Two techniques can be used in this type of tests. The first one is the direct test where the immunoglobulin is first conjugated with a fluorescent dye and then it is added to the tissue (Bizzaro et al., 2014). Following this, it combines with the specific antigen. The other type is called the indirect antibody technique. In this type, the immunoglobulin is first added to the tissue. Then it is made to combine with the specific antigen after which the antigen antibody complex gets labeled with a fluorescent antibody. This test is mainly helpful in identification of a wide range of infective and other agents for which specific antibodies linked to fluorescein are held. The observation of the fluorescence demonstrates that the antibody has been successful in attaching with the corresponding antigen if present and thereby provided appropriate outcomes (Wang et al., 2014). The utility can be described in examples. This test can be used in the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosi. It is also the most common serological test for syphilis. Moreover, it is also seen that when humans are infected by rabies virus, the virus proteins which are the antigens get incorporated in their tissues. As rabies remains present in the nervous tissue, fluorescently-labeled anti-rabies antibody a (Direct fluorescent antibody test) is conducted which helps in identification of the presence or absence of the antigen in the human being (Roberdet et al., 2013). Plaque-forming cell assay: The aim of the Plaque-forming cell assay is the evaluation of an individual to mount a humoral response or simply an antibody response to a particular antigen typically like that of the sheep red blood cells called the SRBC. When exposure to the SRBC or any other T-cell dependent antigens takes place, generation of antigen specific antibody response requires bit cooperation as well as interaction of the several immense cell types. These include B cells, T cells and also antigen presenting cells like macrophages. Alteration in the functioning of any such cells can impair the ability of the B cells to produce antigen specific antibody. Due to this complexity of the interaction of different types of cells, quantification of the plaque forming cell response which is actually antibody forming cell response SRBC response was found to be important as the best predictors of immuno-toxicity (Ladics, 2016). The PFC response to SRBC mainly incorporates the usage of immuno-competetent cells from lymphoid organs mainly like the spleen. In association with this, other antigens known as T cell independent antigens can be used in the PFC assay for identification of the primary immune types of cells which are targeted by particular compound. These antigens do not require the need for the T cells in the eliciting any kinds of production of the antibody by the B cells. In spite of using the antigen, the PFC assay is based on SRBC. Which include the antigen as well as the conjugated hapten for the specific antibody produced by the B cells (Leftkovits Pernis, 2014). Spleens from SRBC immunized animals are removed and cells are mixed then with SRBC. It is complemented in SRBC media like agar. The mixture is then placed on petridish, covered and incubated for 3 hours at 37degree Celcius. During incubation, B cells produce IgM antibody which are specific for SRBC. This then bind to SRBC membrane antigens. This is then found to cause complement mediated lysis of the SRBC. Subsequent formation of plaques takes place. These can be counted visually. Data is usually expressed as IgM AFC(PFC)/ spleen Source: Ladics, 10.1007/978-3-642-27786-3_1171-3 Cytotoxic lymphocyte assay: The cytotoxic T lymphocyte response against T-dependent antigens require cooperation of major categories of immune cells which include professional antigen presenting cell like dendritc cells, CD4+ T helper cells and CD8+ T effector lymphocytes. It helps in evaluating antigen presentation via class 1 and class 2 MHC (major histocompatability complex). Therefore, CTL assay is also excellent candidate for the evaluation of potential immunotoxicity in the immune system (Burleson, Burselon Deitart, 2010). 51Chromium (Cr) Release Assays is one type of assay. This is the classical assay to detect the CTL activity. This assay mainly evaluates the ability of the CD8+ cytotoxic T cells to lyze target cells which expresses an epitope of interest. Target cells are first stimulated with the help of an appropriate peptide to activate the cells. Then the target cells which express the epitope of interest are labeled with 51Cr. Cells are then incubated by CTL effector cells. As the CTL effectors cells are binding to the antigen specific target, these number of cell will go lyses and the 51Cr will be eventually released in the culture supernatant (Xu et al., 2013). The cells are then centrifuged and the levels of 51Cr in the supernatant are measured by scintillation. In the recent years, a variety of similar assays are proposed which do not use radioactive agents. They involve measuring of the CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. These help in determination of levels of CD8+ cytotoxic activity (Mucida et al., 2013). Researchers are of the opinion that that the later are more sensitive to that of the traditional method. References: Bizzaro, N., Antico, A., Platzgummer, S., Tonutti, E., Bassetti, D., Pesente, F., ... Study Group on Autoimmune Diseases of the Italian Society of Laboratory Medicine. (2014). Automated antinuclear immunofluorescence antibody screening: a comparative study of six computer-aided diagnostic systems.Autoimmunity Reviews,13(3), 292-298. Brunner, K. T., Cerottini, J. C. (2014). Cytotoxic lymphocytes as effector cells of cell-mediated immunity.Progress in immunology,1, 385-398. Burleson, G. R., Burleson, F. G., Dietert, R. R. (2010). The cytotoxic T lymphocyte assay for evaluating cell-mediated immune function.Immunotoxicity Testing: Methods and Protocols, 195-205. Hong, J. W., Lim, J. H., Chung, C. J., Kang, T. J., Kim, T. Y., Kim, Y. S., ... Lew, D. H. (2017). Immune Tolerance of Human Dental Pulp-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Mediated by CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ Regulatory T-Cells and Induced by TGF-1 and IL-10.Yonsei Medical Journal,58(5), 1031-1039. Khonina, N. A., Broitman, E. V., Shevela, E. Y., Pasman, N. M., Chernykh, E. R. (2013). Mixed lymphocyte reaction blocking factors (MLR-Bf) as potential biomarker for indication and efficacy of paternal lymphocyte immunization in recurrent spontaneous abortion.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics,288(4), 933-937. Ladics, G. S. (2016). Plaque-Forming Cell Assays.Encyclopedia of Immunotoxicology, 698-702. Lefkovits, I., Pernis, B. (Eds.). (2014).Immunological methods(Vol. 3). Elsevier. Mucida, D., Husain, M. M., Muroi, S., Van Wijk, F., Shinnakasu, R., Naoe, Y., ... 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